history

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[edit] History of Modern art
[edit] Roots in the 19th century
By the late 19th century, several movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: Impressionism and post-Impressionism, as well as Symbolism.
Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking, to the colouristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix, to a search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet. The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor.[2] The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions, or through large public exhibitions of their own work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts.
The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects, but only the light which they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light rather than in studios, and should capture the effects of light in their work.[3]
Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions.[4] The style was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement". These traits — establishment of a working method integral to the art, establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption — would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art.
[edit] Early 20th Century
Among the movements which flowered in the first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism, Cubism, Expressionism, and Futurism.
World War I brought an end to this phase, but indicated the beginning of a number of anti-art movements, such as Dada and the work of Marcel Duchamp, and of Surrealism. Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design and art education.
Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913, and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I.
[edit] After World War II
It was only after World War II, though, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.[citation needed] The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, Color field painting, Pop art, Op art, Hard-edge painting, Minimal art, Lyrical Abstraction, Postminimalism, Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art, Performance art, Conceptual art, and other new art forms had attracted the attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media.[5] Larger installations and performances became widespread.
Around that period, a number of artists and architects started rejecting the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works.[citation needed]
By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "The End of Painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp), new media art has become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art.[6] Painting assumed renewed importance in the 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting.[7]
[edit] Art movements and artist groups
(Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.)
Modern art
[edit] 19th century
Romanticism the Romantic movement - Francisco de Goya, J. M. W. Turner, Eugène Delacroix
Realism - Gustave Courbet, Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet
Impressionism - Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley
Post-impressionism - Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Rousseau
Symbolism - Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, James Ensor
Les Nabis - Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard, Félix Vallotton
pre-Modernist Sculptors - Aristide Maillol, Auguste Rodin
[edit] Early 20th century (before WWI)
Art Nouveau & variants - Jugendstil, Modern Style, Modernisme - Aubrey Beardsley, Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt,
Art Nouveau Architecture & Design - Antoni Gaudí, Otto Wagner, Wiener Werkstätte, Josef Hoffmann, Adolf Loos, Koloman Moser
Fauvism - André Derain, Henri Matisse, Maurice de Vlaminck
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Oskar Kokoschka, Edvard Munch, Emil Nolde
Die Brücke - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
Der Blaue Reiter - Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc
Cubism - Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso
Orphism - Robert Delaunay, Jacques Villon
Synchromism - Stanton MacDonald-Wright, Morgan Russell
Pre-Surrealism - Giorgio de Chirico, Marc Chagall
Futurism - Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà
Vorticism - Wyndham Lewis
Russian avant-garde - Kasimir Malevich, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov
Sculpture - Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Constantin Brancusi
Photography - Pictorialism, Straight photography
[edit] WWI to WWII
Dada - Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Francis Picabia, Kurt Schwitters
Synthetic Cubism - Georges Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso
Pittura Metafisica - Giorgio de Chirico, Carlo Carrà
De Stijl - Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian
Expressionism - Egon Schiele, Amedeo Modigliani, and Chaim Soutine
New Objectivity - Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz
Figurative painting - Henri Matisse, Pierre Bonnard
Constructivism - Naum Gabo, László Moholy-Nagy, El Lissitzky, Kasimir Malevich, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Tatlin
Surrealism - Jean Arp, Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte, André Masson, Joan Miró, Marc Chagall
Bauhaus - Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Josef Albers
Sculpture - Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, René Iché, Gaston Lachaise, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Julio Gonzalez
Scottish Colourists - Francis Cadell, Samuel Peploe, Leslie Hunter, John Duncan Fergusson
Suprematism - Kazimir Malevich, Aleksandra Ekster, Olga Rozanova, Nadezhda Udaltsova, Anna Kagan, Ivan Kliun, Lyubov Popova, Nikolai Suetin, Ilya Chashnik, Lazar Khidekel, Nina Genke-Meller, Ivan Puni, Ksenia Boguslavskaya
[edit] After WWII
Figuratifs - Bernard Buffet, Jean Carzou, Yves Brayer, Maurice Boitel, Pierre-Henry, Daniel du Janerand, Jean Monneret, Gaston Sébire, Louis Vuillermoz, Claude-Max Lochu
Abstract art -
Sculpture - Henry Moore, David Smith, Tony Smith, Alexander Calder, Isamu Noguchi, Alberto Giacometti, Sir Anthony Caro, Jean Dubuffet, Isaac Witkin, René Iché, Marino Marini, Louise Nevelson
Abstract expressionism - Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still
American Abstract Artists - Lee Krasner, Ibram Lassaw, Ad Reinhardt, Joseph Albers, Burgoyne Diller
Art brut - Adolf Wölfli, August Natterer, Ferdinand Cheval, Madge Gill, Paul Salvator Goldengreen
Arte Povera - Jannis Kounellis, Luciano Fabro, Mario Merz, Piero Manzoni,
Color field painting - Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, Sam Francis, Morris Louis, Helen Frankenthaler
Tachisme - Jean Dubuffet, Pierre Soulages, Hans Hartung
COBRA - Pierre Alechinsky, Karel Appel, Asger Jorn
Dau-al-Set - founded in Barcelona by poet/artist Joan Brossa, - Antoni Tàpies, Enrique Tábara, Antonio Saura
Geometric abstraction - Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Nadir Afonso
Hard-edge painting - Ellsworth Kelly, Al Held, Ronald Davis
Kinetic art - George Rickey
Land art - Christo, Richard Long, Robert Smithson
Les Automatistes - Claude Gauvreau, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Pierre Gauvreau, Fernand Leduc, Jean-Paul Mousseau, Marcelle Ferron
Minimal art - Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd, Sol LeWitt, Richard Serra
Postminimalism - Eva Hesse, Bruce Nauman, Hannah Wilke, Lynda Benglis
Lyrical Abstraction - Ronnie Landfield, Sam Gilliam, Larry Zox, Dan Christensen
Neo-figurative art - Fernando Botero, Antonio Berni
Neo-expressionism - Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, Jean-Michel Basquiat
New realism - Christo, Yves Klein, Pierre Restany
Op art - Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuszkiewicz
Outsider art - Howard Finster, Grandma Moses, Bob Justin
Photorealism - Audrey Flack, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Richard Estes, Malcolm Morley
Pop art - Richard Hamilton, Keith Haring, David Hockney, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, Ed Ruscha
Postwar European figurative painting - Lucien Freud, Francis Bacon, Frank Auerbach
Shaped canvas - Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Robert Mangold
Soviet art - Alexander Deineka, Alexander Gerasimov, Ilya Kabakov, Komar & Melamid, Alexandr Zhdanov, Leonid Sokov
[edit] Important Modern art exhibitions and museums
For a comprehensive list see Museums of modern art.